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The Gandalf Awards, honoring achievement in fantasy literature, were conferred by the World Science Fiction Society annually from 1974 to 1981. They were named for Gandalf the wizard, from the Middle-earth stories by J. R. R. Tolkien. The award was created and sponsored by Lin Carter〔"Lin Carter Dies" (obituary) in ''Locus'', March 1988, p. 69.〕 and the Swordsmen and Sorcerers' Guild of America (SAGA), an association of fantasy writers.〔(Gandalf Award ) and subsidiary pages. The Internet Speculative Fiction Database. Retrieved 2011-07-29.〕 Recipients were selected by vote of participants in the World Science Fiction Conventions according to procedures of the older Hugo Awards.〔〔(The Locus Index to SF Awards: About the Gandalf )〕 The awards were presented in two categories, for life achievement and for a book published during the preceding year.〔〔(The Locus Index to SF Awards: Gandalf Winners by Category )〕 Their primary purpose continues to be fulfilled by two of the once-rival World Fantasy Awards, first presented in 1975—specifically the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement and World Fantasy Award for Best Novel. ==Gandalf Grand Master Award== The Gandalf Grand Master Award for life achievement in fantasy writing was awarded every year from 1974 to 1981. The inaugural winner was J. R. R. Tolkien, recently deceased (1973).〔 The next four Grand Masters were all members of the SAGA: Fritz Leiber, L. Sprague de Camp, Andre Norton, and Poul Anderson. The last three were Ursula K. Le Guin, Ray Bradbury, and C. L. Moore.〔〔 *1974 - J. R. R. Tolkien *1975 - Fritz Leiber *1976 - L. Sprague de Camp *1977 - Andre Norton *1978 - Poul Anderson *1979 - Ursula K. Le Guin *1980 - Ray Bradbury *1981 - C. L. Moore There was no ballot in 1981.〔(1981 Gandalf Award ). The Internet Speculative Fiction Database. Retrieved 2011-07-29.〕 All other winners since Tolkien were among the five or six finalists one year earlier. Others who appeared on the ballot were C.S. Lewis, Jack Vance, Roger Zelazny, Marion Zimmer Bradley, Anne McCaffrey, and Patricia McKillip.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gandalf Award」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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